Awareness Through Research

July 23rd has been recognized by the United Nations as World Sjogren's Syndrome Day. It is celebrated every year to provide knowledge and share the latest update on Sjogren's disease with the community. In conjunction with this historic date, I would like to share some important information about this disease.

What is Sjogren's Syndrome?

Sjogren's syndrome is a type of disease that involves inflammation of the glands, especially the salivary glands and the lacrimal glands. This condition causes patients to experience dry mouth and eyes due to reduced production of saliva and tears. It is classified as an autoimmune disease, in which the body's defense system attacks the body's own tissues, especially the salivary glands and lacrimal glands.

What are the symptoms of Sjogren's Syndrome?
The main symptoms that patients often experience include:

• Dry eyes

Eyes feel sore, itchy or gritty.

• Dry mouth

Mouth feels very dry, making it difficult to swallow or speak.

In addition, some patients also experience additional symptoms such as:

• Joint pain, swelling or stiffness
• Swelling of the salivary glands
• Dry skin or rash
• Vaginal dryness
• Persistent dry cough

 

How to diagnose Sjogren’s disease?
Usually, patients will be referred to a rheumatologist, ophthalmologist or dentist. The doctor will take a detailed medical history and perform a thorough physical examination. Special tests will also be performed to assess the level of tear and saliva production, such as the Schrimer test. In addition, blood tests, ultrasound of the salivary glands and biopsy are also carried out to confirm the diagnosis.

How is this disease treated? 
The type of medication given depends on the symptoms experienced and the severity of the disease. Patients who experience recurrent problems are usually given hydroxychloroquine, an anti-malarial drug that also helps relieve the symptoms of this disease. Sometimes, corticosteroids, either in oral form or intravenous injection, are used. For more severe cases, immunosuppressive drugs such as Methotrexate or Mycophenolate Mofetil, as well as biologic drugs such as Rituximab may be needed. Most medications used to treat this disease use the principle of targeted molecular therapy to treat the affected tissue. Patients with ocular symptoms will require regular use of eye lubricants and will be monitored during regular eye examination appointments.

What is the prognosis for Sjogren's Syndrome patients?
The prognosis varies for each patient, depending on the type of symptoms and how their body responds to treatment. With proper and consistent treatment, most patients show a good response. Sjogren's Syndrome patients need to be monitored regularly to detect any complications at an early stage and take appropriate preventive measures.

Dr. Khairun Nisa Binti Mohd Zaidan

Medical Officer UD12

Department Of Ophthalmology

Hospital Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah

Date of Input: 23/07/2025 | Updated: 23/07/2025 | nadia_rahman